2. Ontological problems: the way literature exists

What is the reason for this ontological problem, why do the above anomalies really occur?

In order to answer this set of questions, we will start out from an understanding of literature as communication, and we will approach literature in the communication model. However, this will necessitate a condensed introduction into the basics of communication theory. We need to see how meaning is produced and exchanged in society, and semiotics provides us with the theory to understand this process.